e-Nyaya Sarathi

The excess land above the ceiling is Vested In the State free from all encumbrances and is redistributed to landless agricultural labourers or tenants.

A person could retain only 12.5 Standard acres which equals 100 kanals in Jandar's measurement.

Tenants got ownership rights and protection from eviction on the land they were cultivating, except in cases specified under the act.

The Tehsildar/Assistant Collector 1st class is the primary authority for recording, verification, and attestation, and the Collector/Deputy Commissioner handles appeals and exercises a supervisory role.

Section 04 of the Agrarian Reforms Act deals with vesting in the UT of J&K of rights in land not held in personal cultivation. It means that all rights, title, and interest in land of any persons, not cultivating it personally in Kharif 1971, shall be deemed to have ceased, vested, and vested in the UT of J&K free from all encumbrances.

It means that the property or land is completely clear of any legal, financial, or third-party claim that could limit its use, transfer, or ownership.

Section 8 of the Agrarian Reforms Act deals with automatic ownership transfer. It states that if an ex-landlord resumes permissible land under Section 7 of the Act, their heirs automatically gain ownership rights over the remaining land they cultivated, without any payment, as soon as the Land Card takes back their share.

The optimum retainable area of land refers to the maximum extent of land that a person is legally allowed to keep under their personal ownership after the enforcement of Land Reform laws.

The inherent power of the court is defined in Section 151 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC). This section states that nothing in the CPC limits or affects the inherent powers of the court to make such orders as may be necessary for the ends of justice and to prevent abuse of the process of the Court.

No, Specific relief can only be granted for the purpose of enforcing Individual Civil Rights only.

Under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act, any person dispossessed without their consent of immovable property otherwise than in due course of law, or any person through whom they have been in possession or any person claiming through them, may recover possession by filing a suit.

No, a suit under Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act cannot be filed against the Government.

Substituted performance of contract occurs when a contract is broken due to non-performance by one party. The party who suffers from this breach has the option to obtain substituted performance through a third party or by their own agency, and then recover the expenses and other costs actually incurred, spent, and suffered from the party committing the breach.

An instrument may be rectified when, through fraud or a mutual mistake of the parties, a contract or other instrument in writing does not express their real intention. Either party may institute a suit to have the instrument rectified. The plaintiff may claim in their pleadings that the instrument be rectified. The defendant may, in addition to any other defense open to them, ask for rectification of the instrument. A contract in writing may first be rectified, and then, if the party claiming rectification has so prayed in their pleading, and the court thinks fit, it may be specifically enforced.

Preventive relief is granted at the discretion of the court by way of injunction, which can be either temporary or perpetual.

Temporary injunctions are those that are to continue until a specific time, or until the further order of the court, and they may be granted at any stage of a suit and are regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure.

Perpetual injunctions can only be granted by the decree made at the hearing and upon the merits of the suit. The defendant is thereby perpetually enjoined from the assertion of a right or the commission of an act which would be contrary to the plaintiff's rights.

A mandatory injunction is a court order compelling a party to perform a specific act to prevent the breach of an obligation. It is necessary when the court needs to ensure the performance of certain acts that it is capable of enforcing. The court, using its discretion, grants this injunction to prevent a complained-of breach and to compel the performance of a requisite act.

A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. This means that the law can compel the parties to keep their promises or pay compensation if they break them.

A contract is considered valid if the following requirements have been fulfilled: 1. Offer and acceptance 2. Lawful consideration 3. Lawful object 4. Free consent 5. Competent parties 6. Contract terms must be clear and definite

A void contract is an agreement that is not enforceable by law and has no legal effect from the very beginning.

A contract becomes void if there is: 1. Unlawful object and consideration 2. Incompetent parties 3. Agreement without consideration 4. Uncertain terms 5. Impossible to perform

A voidable contract is a contract that is valid and enforceable by law, but one party has the right to cancel it. It is an agreement enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties to it, but not at the option of the other or others.

A contract becomes voidable when free consent is lacking due to: • Coercion • Undue influence • Fraud • Misrepresentation • Contract with a minor

Article 39A of the Constitution of India directs the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that justice is not denied due to economic or other disabilities.

The purpose of the State Legal Services Authority Act is to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of society and to organize Lok Adalats for speedy dispute resolution, ensuring that justice is not denied due to economic or social reasons.

The following classes of individuals are eligible for free legal aid: • Members of SC/ST Communities • Victims of trafficking or beggar • Women and Children • Persons with disability • Victims of mass disaster, ethnic violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster • Persons in Custody • Individuals with annual income below the prescribed limit

NALSA stands for the National Legal Services Authority.

DLSA stands for District Legal Services Authorities.

TLSC stands for Tehsil Legal Services Committee.

NALSA is chaired by the Chief Justice of India, who acts as its patron-in-chief.

The SLSA (State Legal Services Authority) is chaired by the Chief Justice of the High Court of that State/Union Territory, who acts as its patron-in-chief.

Anyone eligible for free legal aid can apply by writing or orally to the nearest Legal Services Authority.

Yes, applications can also be made online through NALSA/SLSA portals.

The Legal Services Authority Act 1987 is important because it provides access to justice for all, offering speedy and inexpensive people-friendly justice.

A sale deed is a legal document that records the transfer of ownership of property from a seller to a buyer in exchange for consideration.

Section 54 of the Transfer of Property Act deals with Sale.

Section 17 of the Registration Act 1908 makes registration of a sale deed compulsory for the transfer of immoveable property worth more than Rupees hundred.

It serves as proof of ownership for the buyer. It also provides legal protection to both parties. Moreover, a sale deed is mandatory for attestation of mutation in the revenue record in the name of the buyer.

An agreement to sell is a promise to transfer property in the future on certain terms, whereas a Sale Deed is the actual transfer of ownership after payment.

Section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act 1882 defines a gift deed. A gift is a voluntary transfer of property, made without consideration, by one person (donor) to another (donee) and accepted by the donee during the lifetime of the donor.

The essentials of a valid gift deed include: • Donor and Donee: The donor must be competent to contract, while the donee can be any person. • Voluntary and Without Consideration: The gift must be given out of free will, without any monetary or material gain in return. • Property: The subject of the gift can be either movable or immovable property. • Acceptance by Donee: The donee must accept the gift during the lifetime of the donor. • Registration: For immovable property, the gift deed must be registered as per Section 123 of the Transfer of Property Act (TPA). • Delivery of Possession: The possession of the gifted property should be delivered to the donee.

Yes, a Hindu can execute a gift deed in favor of any person if it is their self-acquired property. However, if it is ancestral or Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) property, the gift is restricted and cannot be gifted to strangers without the consent of other coparceners.

A will is a legal declaration made by a person about how their property will be distributed after their death. It essentially represents the testator's last wishes regarding their property, which take effect only upon their death.

A will possesses the following characteristics: • It becomes effective only after the death of the testator. • It is revocable during the testator's lifetime. • It does not confer any rights to beneficiaries until the testator's death.

A holograph will is a will that is entirely handwritten by the testator.

Registration of a will deed is optional. However, a registered will deed is considered more authentic.

No, a Muslim can only make a will for up to one-third of their property, and that too without the consent of their heirs. If the property is self-acquired, the testator can will away the entire property.

Yes, Hindus, Christians, and Parsis can will away their entire self-acquired property. In a Joint Family, they can only make a will for the extent of their own share.

A lease is a transfer of a right to enjoy immovable property for a certain time, either expressly or impliedly, in consideration of a price paid or promised (rent/premium) by the lessee to the lessor.

A mortgage is a type of transfer of interest in immovable property made by the borrower to a lender as security for repayment of a loan or performance of an obligation.

In a simple mortgage, the borrower does not deliver possession of the property but personally binds himself to repay the loan. In case of default, the mortgagee can sell the property through a court decree.

Section 17 of the Registration Act deals with compulsory registration of documents.

No document other than a will shall be accepted for registration unless presented for that purpose to the proper office within four months from the date of its execution.

Section 32A of the Registration Act deals with compulsory affixing of photograph and fingerprints.

Section 60 of the Registration Act deals with the Certificate of Registration.

There are several types of lands in Jammu and Kashmir, including: 1. Proprietary Land (Malkiyat): Land owned by private individuals. 2. State Land (Sarkari): Property owned by the State and managed by the State Govt. 3. Shamilat: Land held in common by the village community used collectively for purposes like grazing, firewood gathering, etc. 4. Forest Land 5. Barren and uncultivable Land 6. Fallow Land 7. Permanent pastures and Grazing Land 8. Evacuee Land

Khad refers to the land lying alongside or within the bed of a khad (seasonal watercourse). Khad lands have been recorded in revenue records as State Land, though cultivators sometimes use it informally for grazing and collecting seasonal farming produce.

It is advisable to register document because: a. It helps prevent forgeries and frauds as registered document is in the public domain. b. It is proof that the document was actually drawn. If a document is registered, you can find out if there is an existing liability or ongoing litigation with regard to the property. c. Registering documents ensures transparent and secure deals.

As per sub clause 2 of Section 2 of the Registration Act, 1908 Book includes a portion of a book and also any number of sheets connected together with a view of forming a book or portion of a book.

Conveyance Deed generally means a document by which one party transfers his right, title, interest or ownership in a property (immovable or movable) or any estate in favour of any other party to the document, except for which some separate provision is available for in Schedule – 1 of Stamps Act, 1977 Svt. The following kinds of documents fall under this category: - Conveyance on sale; - Every Instrument; - Every decree or final order of Civil Court; - Order issued by High Court under Section 394 of Company Law, 1956 regarding amalgamation and reconstruction of companies, or order issued by Reserve Bank vide Section 44A of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 regarding amalgamation and reconstruction of banks.

Lease deed is a contract between the lessor (owner of the property) and the lessee the (tenant of the property) for use of said property on a lease or rental basis. It is similar to a rent agreement between the landlord and a tenant, but usually executed for a longer time period, at least for more than one year.

A mortgage deed is a document by which, the debtor to secure the amount / loan given or to be given by the creditor, creates or transfers a right in or upon his property in favour of the creditor. Debtor- A debtor or debtor is a legal entity that owes a debt to another entity. The entity may be an individual, a firm, a Government, a company or other legal person. The counter party is called a creditor.

Power of attorney is a document by which, a person authorizes another person to act on his behalf and in his name which include powers to sign and take decisions required on behalf of the persons giving the power of attorney. Similarly, powers given to represent on behalf of the principal in any court, tribunal or tribunal or before any authority also fall under this category. However, this category does not include the Vakalatnama given to an advocate to carry on the proceedings.

Gift deed generally means a document by which a person gifts his self-acquired property to another person out of his wish and will, without any monetary consideration. A person gifting the property is generally called as the ‘Donor’ and the person accepting the gift is generally called a ‘Donee’.

Partition Deed is a document by which the co-owners or coparceners of the property, fix their individual share or divide the property by metes and bounds to show their independent share. Following kinds of documents are included in this category: - Final order issued by Revenue Authority or Civil Court affecting the partition; - An award by Arbitration Tribunal directing divisions; and - A document of any nature regarding division of property, written and signed by the co-owners or the coparceners.

Settlement is a document other than Will by which, the settler makes arrangement / management of his immovable and movable property during his life time for the following: i. In consideration of marriage; j. For the purpose of distribution of the property amongst family members; or for whom he wishes to make provision for or for any person depending on him, or k. Any written arrangement / management made for any religious or charitable purposes.

Immovable property includes land, buildings, hereditary allowances, rights to ways, lights, ferries, fisheries or any other benefit to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth, but not standing timber, growing crops or grass.

Movable property in general means anything except immovable property, which includes standing timber, growing crops and grass, fruits on trees or their juice and such property of every other description.

Generally Stamps are of two kinds - Judicial Stamp and Non Judicial Stamp. In common language judicial stamps are recognized as court fee stamps whereas stamps used for making deeds and documents are called non-judicial stamps. Judicial stamps are used to pay court fee whereas Non-judicial Stamps are used to pay Stamp duty on documents such as sale, gift, lease agreements etc.

Execution in the context of Registration of documents means to put in signature with date by the concerned party after reading and understanding the nature of document and terms and conditions mentioned therein.

According to Section 34 of the Registration Act, 1908, the process under which the parties themselves or their representatives (Power of Attorney holder etc.) by being present before Sub Registrar admit the execution of the document to be registered, and the Sub Registrar after verification makes an entry accordingly, is called Admission. In respect of such admission, the signature of the concerned party / representative is taken on the summary part 2 of the document.

The process by which a person gives statement before the Sub Registrar that parties giving admission before him are personally known to him and are the same persons they declare to be, is called identification. It is essential for the Sub Registrar to satisfy himself before proceeding with registration.

Scanning is the electronic process prescribed for preparing a copy of the registered document as per Section 16 A of the Registration Act, 1908. A copy of registered document has to be kept and preserved in the concerned book of the office of Sub Registrar. In yesteryears, the methods adopted for copying were handwriting, photographing, photo copying etc. However, from the commencement of the computerized registration system, the documents are being scanned after registration. These scanned images are kept as copy in the records.

When the property to be registered is situated in the Jurisdiction of two Sub Registrars, both the SRs have jurisdiction to register the document and the same is referred to as concurrent jurisdiction.

When the original party signs/executes the document, and authorizes someone to perform following activities in his name and on his behalf: i. To remain present in the office of Sub Registrar on his behalf, and to present that document for registration, or j. To remain present in office of Sub Registrar on his behalf and admit its execution before the Sub Registrar, such Power of Attorney conferring limited rights is called Special Power of Attorney.

According to Section 33 of the Registration Act, 1908, the person conferring Special Power of Attorney has to remain present before the Sub Registrar (or if residing outside India before the Competent Authority) and sign the Power of Attorney before him and the Sub Registrar (and if outside India, the Competent Authority) has to certify that the said signature was made before him. This is called Authentication.

According to Section 33 of the Registration Act, 1908, it is necessary for the person conferring Special Power of Attorney to present himself before Sub Registrar and sign the Power of Attorney. However, if for exceptional reasons mentioned below; if a certain person cannot be present personally before the Sub Registrar for authentication and if the Power of Attorney signed before hand/earlier by him is submitted before the Sub Registrar, the latter after verifying the reasons and satisfying himself that the person has really signed the Special Power of Attorney, can do the Attestation of the said special Power of Attorney. Exceptional Reasons: - - If the person faces risk due to physical disability or suffers serious inconvenience, - If such person is in prison due to proceedings in criminal or civil court, - If such person is legally exempted from being present in the court.

The term ‘Using the stamp within six months of its purchase ‘means, it is essential that the document for which the stamp is purchased, should be written on it and signed (executed) within six month of purchase.

As per Stamp Act, Instrument is a written document (article) by which, any legal rights and / or obligations against any property or person: “are created, or transferred, or restricted / limited, or extended, or annulled / destroyed or recorded”

True Market Value means, the price which would have been fetched if the property mentioned in the document (subject matter of document), would have been sold in the market or the consideration as shown in the document, whichever is higher.

Mutation means an alteration of an entry in revenue record. The object of mutation is to bring entries in record of rights updated. Mutation does not confer any title, but it is only a fiscal entry.

Settlement deed is a legally enforceable document and has to be registered. In terms of immovable property like land/building, settlement deed is a legal document wherein parties settle their differences or disputes. The party executing the settlement is called settlor (executant) and the claimant (beneficiary) is called the setlee.

As per sub clause 5 of Section 2 of the Registration Act, 1908 endorsement and endorsed include and apply to an entry in writing by a registering officer on a rider or covering slip to any document tendered for registration under this Act.

A compact area which is used by the inhabitants of a village or estate, on which the houses are built and is used for residential purposes is known as Abadi Deh. Whosoever is the owner and in possession of particular piece of land is deemed as owner of such building or site.

It is a commonly used word in revenue parlance. Fard means an extract of Jamabandi or any other such record. It is a pre requisite document for registration of a sale, gift, lease or any other mode of transfer of rights over the land from one person to another.

Jareeb or chain is made of iron. It is a traditional instrument of measurement. Its length is 10 karums (55 feet). One Karum is five and half feet in length. There is a hook after every Karum. There are circular hooks on its both ends for handling it at the time of measurement during settlement operation.

Jandar gharat is also known as paan chakki. Any gharat or chakki which is run by the water source like river, nallah or Jimindari kuhl in a village is traditionally known as Jandar gharat.

Khewat is a proprietary holding of one or more than one joint land holders of an estate. The khewats of land holders are generally arranged in the order in which they appear in “Shajra Nasab”. Separate khewat number is allotted to Shamilat and State land.

Khata is a part of Khewat. It may comprise one or more than one khasra numbers of a co-owner and a tenant in possession. The sequence is Khasra number, Khata and then Khewat forming a record of rights or Jamabandi.

During the course of measurement and settlement operations, a serial number is allotted to each field or a piece of land under the occupation of a person or persons, jointly holding under one title, is called Khasra number. i. In case a Khasra number prepared at the time of settlement is temporarily broken for the purposes of cultivation or otherwise in two or more part or parts, such parts are allotted Min Numbers in the register of Khasra Girdawari e.g., say khasra number 15 of an estate is broken in two parts, the other part will be assigned as khasra number 15 min. j. In the same manner, if a khasra number is permanently broken into two or more parts and is owned or cultivated by different persons, such broken parts shall be allotted Bata Numbers.

Massavi is the original ‘shajra’ (the first copy) of measurement of fields of an estate prepared at the time of settlement. It is prepared on a full size paper. It shows the outer boundary lines of the village or estate along with sehadas (pillars) adjoining other villages or estates.

Record of rights of an estate prepared at the time of settlement or at its revision, which contains the Shajra Nasab of its land holders, village field map, defines rights, interests and liabilities of the land holders, tenant and assignees of land revenue is called Misal haqiat.

Any person who has attained 18 years of age and is not a party to the document can sign as a witness to a document.

Any person who cultivates the land personally as on 01.11.2021 shall be an “agriculturist” for the purposes of the proviso under 133 H.

Land can be alienated from an agriculturist to a non-agriculturist when the latter obtains permission from the Deputy Commissioner concerned after fulfillment of the following conditions (SO 373 dated 01.11.2021): i. Land shall be used only for the purpose for which permission has been granted. j. Land shall be put to use for the said purpose within 2 years from permission date. k. Applicant shall abide by all rules and regulations applicable on the land. l. Transaction should not make transferor landless.

Procedure for permission: Parties shall jointly apply to DC with all documents DC will forward to Tehsildar who shall submit report with all supporting documents to SDM/ACR within 7 days, who in-turn shall record his observations and submit to DC within 7 more days. DC shall decide approval/ rejection of permission within 7 days of receipt of report from revenue officers, entire process is required to be completed within 30 days of filing application

A Will is a testamentary document by which a person bequeaths his property. The property may devolve on the person in whose favour the will has been made after the death of the testator.

Any person above the age of 18 years and who is mentally sound may execute a Will Deed, but a Will Deed executed upon committing a fraud or coercion or by impersonation is not valid. Hence a Will must be executed voluntarily. Parents or guardians cannot execute Will on behalf of minors or lunatic children. Beneficiary under a Will should not sign as attesting witness. In order to avoid disputes in implementation of a Will, description of property and the name of the beneficiaries should be clearly written so that there is no room for doubt.

No. It is not compulsory to register a Will. The testator may register a Will at his option. However, it is always advisable to register the Will so that if original Will is lost; a certified copy of the same can be obtained from the recording Sub-Registrar Office.

A Will can be registered in the office of any Sub-Registrar within India.

No, there is no time limit as such to register a Will from the date of its execution.

A testator can cancel his Will at any time during his life time and before his death.

If the executant of a Will wishes to rectify or amend a Will, he may do so during his life time.

Yes, a Will Deed can be registered after the death of the testator. The Party claiming under the Will shall have to produce the original Will Deed along with record relating to the death of the testator, the witnesses and the document writer before the Sub-Registrar for examination with respect to the execution of the Will. In case the Sub-Registrar is satisfied that the Will has been executed by that person and the person is genuine, Sub-Registrar can register the Will Deed.

No stamp duty is chargeable on registration of a Will deed. For registration of Will during the life time of the testator, registration fee in terms of section 78 of the Registration Act,1908 has been prescribed and notified vide SO 243 of 2020 as Rs. 2500/-.

A certified copy of a registered Will is available to the testator during his life time. After death of the testator, any person can obtain a certified copy of the Will Deed by producing a proof of death of the testator.

The National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS), initiated by the Government of India, Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and developed by Software Development Unit (SDU) Pune is a state specific instance which can be accessed from the link: ngdrs.jk.gov.in

The software is configurable as per state specific requirements with respect to Property Registration: - Facility for Online document entry by citizen. - Online valuation module with stamp duty calculation. - Role-based access to citizens and Official users. - SMS facility to send alerts to citizens& Official users. - Hierarchy based maker/checker facility. - e-Know Your Customer (KYC) - UID based authentication with the help of biometric technology at the time of Admission. - Linkage with Land Records system. - Interface for Online payment facility. - Linkage with stamp inventory software to avoid duplicate usage of used stamp paper. - Storage of copy of registered documents using scanning technology. - Viewing of, downloading facility of scanned documents in order to generate certified copy for an authorized user. - Unicode based Local Language support. - Registration of documents anywhere within concurrent jurisdiction. - Single log in credentials for all modules. - Daily, Monthly & yearly Management Information System (MIS) reports with cash book &other account related reports.

NGDRS reduces the administrative burden of Government by minimizing the use of paper. The applicant can schedule and secure date and time of document registration prior to proceeding to the SR office. All the stake holders of registration are on a single platform. Citizen empowerment by enabling property valuation on a click, thereby achieving the goal of ease of doing business.

Security Audit: The NGDRS application has been security audited by empanelled audit agency and the application security audit certificate has been obtained. Aadhaar authentication / OTP based login facility is provided.

Signing up for NGDRS is easy - all you need is to login to ngdrs.jk.gov.in , click on ‘Citizen Registration’ and fill the form.

While using NGDRS, the OTP is sent instantaneously. Sometimes there may be temporary lag or interruption either on servers (while generating / sending OTP) or in delivery of the SMS by your mobile service providers wait for few minutes and try again.

To recover your username/password, please visit e.g. https://ngdrs.jk.gov.in/Citizenentry/ citizen login and use the option forgot Password and provide the secret answer that you have given during the registration process.

Username once created in NGDRS cannot be changed.

Guidelines to submit documents for registration. Following are the guidelines before filing document registration details at the website. Step 1: New user registration Step 2: Login Step 3: Fill all details of A-General Info tab Step 4: C-Property details & Valuation Step 5: Fill D-Party details and set one party as a presenter. Step 6: E-Witness Step 7: F-Payment Step 8: G-Stamp duty calculation Step9: H-Pre-Registration Summary Step10: I-Upload File Step 11: J- Data submission Step 12: K-Appointment Step 13: Go to the SRO office on the appointment date for further processing.

The size of document is configurable and it is done as per the requirement of respective document to be uploaded.

Files in pdf format can be uploaded. The limit of a file is 0.5 MB.

Yes, Reschedule option is provided in citizen entry part from where a citizen can easily reschedule his/her appointment till final submission of application.

Reverting of document is not possible, once it is accepted by Sub Registrar and processed for payment verification.

Yes, it is permissible in terms of section 54 of the Stamps Act, SVT.1977.

Yes, go to the citizen login where you will find such option available to check the payment status.

Thumb Device is the biometric device currently supported by NGDRS for capturing fingerprints.

Uninstall the biometric software and re-install it.

Not possible to make any changes, once the document registration process is completed.

A Citizen gets ample opportunities to edit the application before final submission. Still SRO can revert the document to citizen for corrections, if any.

Mobile number up-dation is not yet given to the user, but on request from Sub Registrar office the mobile number can be updated.

Procedure to check payment status or for transaction ID: - Go to the citizen login - Click on the sub – menu of Document entry i.e. GRAS double verification. - Enter your token no. and submit. - Check the status of your payment in the status column of the displayed below.

Enter the newly created challan number instead of the previous one.

Sometimes due to network issues, this type of problem occurs; please try after sometime.

A person may acquire title and ownership of an immovable property by any of the following modes: by inheritance of ancestral property, through a Will, by acquisition of property through different modes of transfer viz: sale, gift, mortgage, lease, rent, trust, settlement and grant by the Government or through decree of Court. There are two ways of acquisition: - By act of parties. Example: Sale, gift, lease, settlement, exchange, etc. - By operation of law example: Inheritance, decree of Court etc.

The Registration Act, 1908 contemplates that each time a property changes hands; it must be registered in the name of the new owner. According to the Act, such documents are required to be registered which ‘create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish’ any right, title or interest to or in the immovable property and the consideration amount is exceeding the value of Rs 100. The purpose of registration of a document on transfer in respect of immovable property is that the registered document becomes a permanent public record. A public record can be inspected by any person and a certified copy can be obtained from the office of Sub-Registrar. Registration of a document is a notice to the general public that the immovable property has been transferred by the owner to the buyer. Those persons who are interested in purchasing that immovable property can verify from the records / index available in the office of Sub-Registrar

Gift deed of immovable property; other than non-testamentary instruments, which purport or operate to create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish whether in the present or in future, any right, title or interest, whether vested or contingent, of the value of one hundred rupees and upwards, to or in immovable property. e.g: Sale, mortgage, partition, release, settlement of immovable property. Non testamentary instruments which acknowledge the receipt or payment of any consideration on account of the creation, declaration, assignment, limitation or extension of any such right, title or interest; Leases of immovable property Non testamentary instruments mentioned in Section 17 of the Registration Act,1908 transferring or assigning any decree or...

All documents except Will should be presented for registration within four months from the date of execution (signature). If a document is executed out of India, the period of four months will be counted from the date of its receipt in India. If a document is not presented for registration within the prescribed period of four months, and if in such a case the delay in presentation of the document does not exceed a further period of four months, then the Registrar may condone the delay on payment of maximum fine of ten times the registration fee. A document relating to immovable property can be executed anywhere but the same should be presented for registration in the office of Sub-Registrar within whose jurisdiction the property or its major portion is situated.

Any document relating to immovable property situated outside India can be presented for registration. However, the registrable documents relating to immovable property situated in Jammu and Kashmir should be presented only in the office of Sub-Registrar within whose jurisdiction the property is situated.

In such a case, the Sub-Registrar should give reasons for refusal in writing and enter the refusal order in his book. An appeal can be preferred to the Registrar within 30 days from the date of refusal order of Sub-Registrar. If the Registrar also refuses to order for registration of the document, a suit can be filed in a civil court under section 77 of the Registration Act, 1908 within 30 days of the refusal order by the Registrar.

In such cases, the Sub-Registrar will refer the document to the Collector of Stamps for determination of market value. The difference in Stamp Duty if any, should be paid. Even after that, if the party does not agree with the valuation fixed by the Collector of Stamps, then he may challenge it in a civil court. An appeal can be preferred against the order of the Collector of Stamps within 30 days of the order to the District Judge.

An appeal can be preferred before the Registrar General against the order of refusal of registration by Registrar within 30 days.

A Power of Attorney can be registered before the Sub-Registrar by the Principal who has executed it, or the agent if the Principal has given such authority in the Power of Attorney. A Power of Attorney can also be presented by a person who is entitled to the benefit out of the instrument.

A Power of Attorney should also be presented within four months of the date of execution of the same.

Yes, the registering officer can refuse registration if the executant does not attend the office of Sub-Registrar within the prescribed time limit.

A person who has presented the document for registration can withdraw the document on making an application in writing. However, such withdrawal is permitted only at the stage when document is presented and admission of execution is yet to take place.

If the document is required by law to be attested by witnesses then minimum two witnesses should be present at the time of execution of the document, but it is not necessary to bring the witnesses at the time of registration of the document. However, if the presenting party is not personally known to the registering officer then he has to be identified by two persons known to the registering officer.

No, the registering officer is expected to ensure that all formalities of registration are complied with. He is not expected to enquire about the title of the property.

A purchaser should inspect various documents and ascertain from the Sub-Registrar office whether any document in respect of that property has already been registered. Also he should check whether there is any encumbrance on the property.

Yes, it is advisable to ascertain if there is any previous deed or document on the property before executing any further document on the said property.

Certified copies of documents registered can be obtained by any person by applying and paying the copying fees as per rules. Certified copies of documents are issued after comparing them with the copies of the documents available in the books.

All documents except Will are returned on the same day after scanning unless there is any deficiency. However, if the parties desire that the document be returned on the next day or on a particular date the same is also permissible.

The document can be returned to the person who has presented the document or to his nominee or agent as indicated in the document.

If the document is lost before registration or before return of the document after registration, a certified copy of the document can be obtained from the records of the office and the same has the same evidential value as the original document.

Yes, a complaint can be made to the District Registrar or to the Inspector General of Registration.

Yes, it is possible under section 31 of the Registration Act, 1908, if there is a special reason (e.g. if a seriously ill party’s document is required to be urgently registered), after the party executing the document applies for visit outside office and the Sub Registrar is satisfied about the reasons for visit outside the office, he can pay a home visit and accept the document for registration or take the admission. The costs incurred for the purpose are to be met by the applicant.

It is necessary that the party, who for specific reasons (e.g. serious illness) cannot go to the registration office to present document for registration or for giving admission, can apply for visit outside office before the office of Sub Registrar. It is also necessary to attach with it suitable proof in support of the reason (for example, medical certificate of the serious illness).

Certain categories of the persons are exempted from the appearance at Registration office in terms of section 38 of the Registration Act, 1908. In such cases, the registering officer shall either himself visit house of such person or to the place where he is confined and examine the person or issue a commission for his examination. A provision to this effect is in section 31 of the Registration Act, 1908.

Since the home visit takes place outside the office of Sub Registrar, sometimes objections can be raised that the visit did not take place at all or the Sub Registrar himself was not present at the time of home visit. In such cases, a suspicion may arise though regular home visit has taken place. To avoid such a situation, video shooting of the entire process of home visit is required to be done to safeguard the interests of the concerned parties.

As per Section 60 of the Registration Act, 1908, the proof of completion of registration of document means a certificate carrying on it the words “Document Registered” signed by Sub Registrar with date and imprint of round seal of the office, meaning thereby that the document is registered, for all requirements of the Registration Act, 1908 have been fulfilled. This is a certificate / proof indicating completion of registration of document.

The time required for scanning of a document depends upon the number of pages in the document. Since all offices of Sub Registrars are provided with high-speed scanners, scanning is completed immediately.

Before returning the original document to the party, it is necessary to ensure that the scanning of original document has been done properly, that some pages from it have not been left out of scanning or that some pages are not partly scanned. For these purposes after scanning, prints of the scanned image are taken at the rate of four pages of document. These prints are called thumbnail print. It is necessary that both (the employees in the office of Sub Registrar and the concerned parties) should compare the Thumbnail print with the original document and satisfy themselves that the scanning has been done properly.

If the Sub Registrar has to refuse the registration of a document, as per Section 71 of the Registration Act, 1908, he has to ensure the following: - To issue a written order having mentioned the reasons for refusal of registration of the document. - To mention the said reasons in Registration Book No. 2 - To return the document to the concerned party after making an endorsement on the document as “Registration Refused” - To furnish a copy of entry mentioned in Book No. 2 without any fee and without any delay, if the executor of the document or claimant party applies.

The concerned party can file an appeal against the order of Sub Registrar refusing to register document, with the District Registrar. Such an appeal can be filed within 30 days from the date of such order of the Sub Registrar.

No fee is charged for appeal against the order of refusal to register a document. It is necessary to affix a judicial Stamp (Court fee label) of Rs. 5/- on such appeal.

If District Registrar hearing the appeal refuses to issue order to register the document, the party can file a suit in a Civil Court having jurisdiction in terms of Section 77 of the Registration Act, 1908 within 30 days of the date of order of the District Registrar.

The list of documents for which registration is compulsory is mentioned in Section 17 of Registration Act, 1908. If such type of documents are not registered, then-The title being transferred on the basis of such document is not established (not proven). - As per Section 49 of Registration Act 1908, such documents are not admitted as legal proof of the transaction mentioned therein. - As per the Transfer of Property act, 1882, if documents such as Sale Deed, Mortgage Deed, Lease Deed and Gift Deed are not registered then transfer of property does not take place. - Parties to such document are liable to avoiding of fulfillment of terms and conditions / transactions mentioned in the document. - Difficulties may arise in filing a petition in competent court for fulfillment of transactions mentioned in such document. - Such a document does not become part of Government records and therefore if a dispute arises in future between the heirs of original parties or if need arises for some other reason, no proof is available to establish genuineness of the document. - Besides, there is no way available for the general public to know about the transaction related to that document, and therefore taking undue advantage the possibility of resale / retransfer of that property remains in balance and this way the original purchaser and the subsequent purchaser both are likely to be defrauded.

Documents for which registration is optional are included in Section 18 of the Registration Act, 1908. These include: - Documents which are not included in Section 17 of the Registration Act, 1908, which means documents for which registration is not compulsory, - Will, - Notice of Lispendens, - Lease Deed of immovable property for a time period of less than one year.

According to Section 5 of the Registration Act, 1908 the authority of framing the limits of Sub District or making changes in their limits vest with the State Government. The Government, issues notification in Gazette for the same.

According to Section 28 of the Registration Act, 1908, it is necessary to register the document in the office of Sub Registrar in whose jurisdiction some or entire property mentioned in the document to be registered is situated. In the case of concurrent jurisdiction, such documents can be registered in any office of Sub Registrar in that Jurisdiction.

The document can be presented for registration in any of the office of Sub Registrar, in whose jurisdiction, any one property out of the properties in that document is situated.

After a document containing properties situated within several Registration Districts is registered, that Sub Registrar, in the context of other properties included in the document, sends a copy of document and memo (summary like index) to such District Registrars in whose jurisdiction those properties are situated. The said District Registrar take note of that copy in their records and send the copy of the memo received, to such Sub Registrars in their districts in whose jurisdiction those properties are situated. Such Sub Registrars take note of the said memo in their records. For example, if a document comprising of properties in the jurisdiction of Vijaypur in Samba District and properties in the jurisdiction of Akhnoor in Jammu District is registered with Sub Registrar Vijaypur, then the Sub Registrar, Vijaypur shall send to District Registrar, Jammu the copy and memo of the document. The District Registrar of Jammu takes a note of such received document in his record and sends a copy of memo to Sub Registrar, Akhnoor. Sub Registrar, Akhnoor takes a note of the said memo in his record.

According to Section 82 of the Registration Act, 1908, the following activities are considered as punishable offence: - To make any false statement in document registration process, - To use false / forged papers for document registration, - Giving of admission before the Sub Registrar by impersonating another, - Similarly, to identify a cheat / imposter as real person amounting to false identification, - To indulge in abetment / encouragement of above actions.

If some person is prima facie found to have committed a wrong activity as per Section 83 of the Registration Act, 1908, the concerned Sub Registrar on his own or with the approval of District Registrar / Inspector General of registration can initiate criminal proceedings against him.

If a wrong activity is committed under Section 82 of the Registration Act, 1908, after the guilt is proven, sentence of imprisonment extendable up to seven years or penalty or both can be awarded.

Index of documents means summary showing important details in respect of the documents registered in the office of Sub Registrar (e.g. kind of document, document number, consideration, market value, details of property, names and addresses of parties, date of execution, date of registration, Stamp Duty and Registration Fee paid etc.). The index is prepared as per Section 55 of the Registration Act, 1908.

Any person can obtain a certified copy of Index 1 and Index 2 by applying and paying the fee. - Certified copy of index 3 of Wills: - Can be obtained only by the Testator of Will or his representative by applying and paying fee. - After the death of Testator of Will, any person can obtain a copy of applying and paying fee. - Certified copy of index 4 of document can be obtained only by the executants of the document or the beneficiary / claimant of the document by applying and paying fee.

According to Section 57 of the Registration Act, 1908, the certified copy of document received from the office of Sub Registrar is acceptable as evidence for proving the contents mentioned in that original document.

In order to inspect the index of documents pertaining to any property, registered in the office of Sub Registrar, one can do it online sitting at home without going to the office of Sub Registrar. This is known as e-Search facility.

According to Section 44 of the Registration Act, 1908: - - If the Testator desires to take back the sealed cover containing Will, he can himself or through an authorized representative submits an application to the District Registrar. - If the District Registrar is convinced that the person applying is the Testator or his authorized representative, then he returns such cover without opening it, to the applicant. - A fee of Rs. 100/- is charged for this.

Power of Attorney or PoA, is a legal document giving an attorney incharge or legal agent the authority to act on behalf of the principal. The attorney in-charge possess broad are limited authority to act on behalf of the principal. The person who gives authority / rights is called as ‘Principal’ and the person to whom authority is given is called ‘Attorney Holder’.

Generally the following two kinds of Power of Attorney are used in the context of registration of document: - General Power of Attorney: - Conferring the authority to sell immovable property. - Conferring other rights but not the right to sell immovable property. - Special Power of Attorney conferring the authority to present executed document for registration or to give admission on behalf of person executing the document.

The Power of Attorney in which the executor of Power of Attorney (Principal) authorizes the Power of Attorney holder to perform any nature of activity in the context of his immovable and movable property in his name and on his behalf, that Power of Attorney is called General Power of Attorney.

If such Power of Attorney is conferred without any consideration in the name of father, mother, brother, sister, wife, husband, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter or any near relative, then Stamp Duty of Rs. 500/ is necessary. In case of Power of Attorney not included in above, Stamp Duty is payable as per rate prescribed.

Stamp Duty payable for Special Power of Attorney is Rs. 100/-.

In the case of a petition filed before any Court, if the Hon’ble Court issues an order that document pertaining to transfer of the disputed property mentioned in the petition, should not be registered till Sfinal decision is made, generally the Hon`ble Court sends copy of that stay order to concerned office of Sub Registrar. However, parties having vested interest in the said petition may also inform the Sub Registrar about such stay. The Sub Registrar does not accept for registration a document relating to transfer of property mentioned in the stay order.

The Registration Department does not have the authority to cancel a registered document.

As per Section 31 of Specific Relief Act, 1963, Competent Court has the authority to cancel a registered document.

Yes, there are two main types of non-judicial stamps. They are. - Impressed Stamps – A stamp paper on which document can be typed or be written - Adhesive stamps – A stamp tickets which can be pasted / affixed on written or printed document.

Adhesive stamps should be used in following manner: - Adhesive stamps also should be used within six months of purchase. - Adhesive stamps purchased, if cannot be utilized within six months of purchase for some reasons, then an application should be made for refund of stamp duty within six months from date of purchase. - If adhesive stamps are the not utilized nor application for refund is not made in within six months from the date of purchase, the purchased stamp becomes null and void, which may result in waste of money. - On affixing adhesive stamp to the document, whosoever affixing it, should cancel the stamp in such manner that it cannot be re-used. Here cancelling means, signing across the stamp drawing two parallel lines across the stamp or putting a rubber stamp on it in such a manner, that if removed can be easily identified. - If above rules are not followed, then it is assumed that stamp duty has not been paid on the document.

Stamp duty is a type of tax to be paid on certain documents / instruments.

Stamp duty is required to be paid, for the following reasons: - If stamp duty is not paid at the prescribed rate, as per nature of the document or the true market value of the subject property, the document is treated as Not Duly Stamped. - A document which is Not Duly Stamped is not treated as legal proof of the transaction mentioned in it. - If Stamp duty is not paid in time or is less paid, then it invites penal action

It is necessary to pay stamp duty, in the manner and at the rate prescribed for the concerned document / instrument in Stamp Act so that, it becomes duly stamped. Duly Stamped means to affix adhesive stamp or attach impressed stamp in the manner prescribed and the amount of such stamp should not be less than the amount prescribed by law for the time being in force.

In respect of a document ‘Executed means that the concerned document has been signed and ‘Execution’ means signing of the concerned document.

The stamp should be purchased only in the name of any party to the document - The stamp should not be purchased in the name of a pleader or any third person; or else such document is considered as ‘ not duly stamped’ - Stamp should be bought in the name of only that person who has spent for stamp duty, is that if the question of refund comes up, it will not be necessary to seek the signature / consent of others.

If the stamp duty is not properly paid on the true market value of the property, the registration of the concerned document will not be completed. The Registering Officer a. While registering the document under the Registration Act 1908, if doubts that the stamp duty is not paid according to the true market value of property, shall stop the registration process; and shall refer the document to the concerned Collector of Stamps for the assessment of stamp duty and the true market value of the property. The Collector of Stamps - Gives an opportunity to the person responsible for payment of stamp duty to present his side. - Makes an inspection of property if required. - Takes decision on market value considering circumstantial evidence. - Recovers the les paid stamp duty, penalty and registration fee; and - Can proceed with confiscation of property, if required stamp duty or penalty or registration fee is not paid.

Refund of Stamp duty can be obtained in the following circumstances: - Before signing of document by any person, if the stamp paper has been rendered unfit for its use, because being inadvertently spoiled due to errors in writing. - Unsigned stamp paper written fully or partly but which is not to be used. - Signed document / stamp paper but, in case where: - The party has subsequently found it to be entirely illegal since the beginning (void/ ab/ initio) as per Section 31 of Specific Relief Act. - The court has subsequently found it to be entirely illegal since the beginning (void ab /initio) as per section 31 of Specific Relief Act. - Is found to be unfit for use due to any deficiency or mistake. - The person whose signature is essential has died without signing the document or has refused to sign the document, for which the transaction cannot be completed. - Any party to the document has not signed the document or is unable / incapable of signing the document or has declined to sign it, for which it may not be possible to complete the intended transaction. - Any party to the document has refused to act as per terms of the document or pay the agreed sum or has refused to give acceptance / approval to it. - If the intended transaction might have been completed with the help of another document between the same parties having no less stamp duty, than the earlier document. - If the Stamp purchased for the document being of insufficient value, the same transaction has been completed by another document with the Stamp of the proper value between the same parties. - That stamp paper might have been spoiled inadvertently, unintentionally for which the same parties might have executed another document for the same purpose.

An application for the refund of stamp duty should be filed by the person /institution / company in whose name the stamp duty amount has been paid, or the persons legally empowered by them.

The application for refund of stamp duty should be submitted to the Collector of Stamps.

The time limit for submitting refund of stamp duty application in the office of Collector of Stamps is as follows: | | | | | ----- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | | S.No. | Type of Stamp Refund Case | Time Limit for application | | 1 | Under Section 48 (1)of Stamps Act, cases regarding executed documents | Within six months from execution | | 2 | Under Proviso to section 48 (1)of Stamps Act, refund against Cancellation of an Agreement for Sale | Within two years of date of registered cancellation of document | | 3 | In cases of replacement of a document | Withinsixmonthsofdate of replacement of a document | | 4 | In other cases | Within six months of purchase of stamp |

Yes, As per Section 50 of the Stamps Act ,1977 Svt, refund is admissible in such cases for following reasons: - If a stamp of description other than the one prescribed in the Act, is used inadvertently (e.g. judicial stamp sued against non-judicial stamp) - If Stamps of higher amount are used rather than the required, inadvertently. - If inadvertently stamp duty is paid to a document not requiring stamp duty.

While deciding the case of refund of stamp duty the Collector of Stamps verifies the following things: - Is the token number of online submission of information, is attached with the application? - Are the original stamps which are subject of refund, enclosed with the refund application for cancellation? - What is the purpose of the applicant for the purchase of such stamps? - Had the entire amount for stamp duty being paid by applicant himself? - Are such stamps submitted for refund, within the prescribed time limit? - Whether the stamped document which is the subject of refund, has been used elsewhere prior to making of refund application? - Whether he is satisfied with the reasons given for refund?

Yes, some amount is deducted while making refund of Stamp duty, which is as follows: For stamps falling in the category of e-payment (simple receipt / e-challan and eSBTR) percent amount is deducted with the minimum of Rs. 200/- and a maximum of Rs. 1000. For category stamps other than mentioned above a deduction of 10 % is made.

Yes, subject to the procedure mentioned in section 28-A of the Jammu and Kashmir Agrarian Reforms Act, 1976 as amended in terms of SO-3808(E) of 2020 dated:26-10-2020.

The stamp duty chargeable as per Stamp Act, 1977 is 7% in case of male, 3% in case of female and 5% in case of couple.

Every sub registrar shall perform the duties of his office under the superintendence and control of the Registrar in whose district the office of such sub registrar is situate. i. Every Registrar shall have the authority to issue (whether on complaint or otherwise) any order consistent with this Act which he considers necessary in respect of any act or omission of any sub registrar subordinate to him or in respect of the rectification of any error regarding the book or the office in which any document has been registered.

Yes, you can mail your grievances on our email ID- or you can contact us on our landline numbers on all working days between 09:30 AM to 05:30PM. Landline numbers: - 0191-2456100 0194-357911

A testamentary document is a Last Will and Testament or some other document that meets the statutory requirements of a will. A testamentary trust is one that is set forth in a will and may continue long after the death of the testator. Many wealthy testators maintain control over their property after death through testamentary trusts. Non-testamentary documents would be documents that are not related to a Last Will and Testamen

BNSS stands for Bhartiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, India’s new criminal procedure law.

It replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973.

It was passed by Parliament in December 2023.

It came into effect after its official notification in 2024.

To modernize criminal justice procedures and reduce delays.

Yes, it applies across India, with some special provisions for Jammu & Kashmir.

It governs criminal cases, not civil disputes.

Citizens, police, magistrates, prosecutors, and all criminal courts.

No, punishments are in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), not BNSS.

BNS defines crimes and punishments, while BNSS gives procedures for investigation and trial.

BNSS introduces strict timelines, more use of technology, and citizen-friendly reforms.

Yes, that is one of its main objectives.

It makes filing FIRs, bail, and trial procedures faster and simpler.

It allows e-FIR, video testimony, digital summons, and electronic records.

Yes, by using digital records and time-bound procedures.

Yes, state governments will publish translations.

Yes, transitional provisions allow old cases to proceed under CrPC.

Yes, all new cases will follow BNSS.

Yes, it sets stricter rules for police investigation and reporting.

It gives victims rights to information, updates, and speedy trial.

Yes, BNSS encourages e-FIRs and online complaints.

It allows FIR registration at any police station, regardless of jurisdiction.

Yes, it mandates female police presence and faster handling of gender crimes.

Children are protected through special procedures and JJ Act alignment.

Yes, it sets time limits for bail hearings.

Yes, video hearings and online filing are encouraged.

Yes, case progress will be available on digital portals.

Yes, strict timelines and court monitoring are included.

Yes, courts have to give reasons for repeated adjournments.

BNSS sets strict deadlines for trial completion.

Yes, it mandates rights of arrested persons and accountability of police.

Yes, compounding and summary trials are promoted.

Yes, it provides procedures for handling electronic evidence.

It includes provisions for international cooperation.

Summons can be sent electronically.

Yes, video recording of witness statements is allowed.

Yes, by promoting electronic records.

Appeals are time-bound and digital-friendly.

Yes, including digital records of arrest and rights at every stage.

Yes, FIR copies will be available digitally.

Yes, by balancing rights of victims and accused.

It sets accountability on police and prosecution for delays.

Yes, timelines are fixed for bail applications.

Yes, but courts must also ensure fairness.

Yes, to reduce delays in simple cases.

Yes, electronic evidence is formally recognized.

No, IPC is replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), not BNSS.

Yes, its aim is faster, fairer, and more transparent justice.

FIR stands for First Information Report, the document that starts a criminal case.

An offence where police can register FIR and arrest without prior court permission.

An offence where police need court approval before investigation or arrest.

A case where bail is a legal right of the accused.

A case where bail is not automatic and depends on court discretion.

A police report filed before court after investigation is complete.

A minor case where punishment is usually less than 2 years.

A serious case where punishment is more than 2 years.

The legal process where evidence is examined and guilt or innocence is decided.

A request to a higher court to review a lower court’s decision.

Power of a higher court to examine the correctness of a lower court’s order.

A person formally charged with committing an offence.

The person who gives information about a crime to police or court.

A person who suffers harm or loss due to a criminal act.

The person who provides information for FIR registration.

Detention of a person by police or court.

Sending an accused to police or judicial custody during investigation.

A written promise by accused and guarantors to follow bail conditions.

A person who guarantees that accused will follow bail conditions.

A formal statement accusing someone of an offence.

When court finds no sufficient evidence and releases the accused.

The stage when court formally states the offence accused must face trial for.

A legal order requiring a person to appear before court.

An order from court allowing police to arrest or search.

Court order allowing police to search a place for evidence.

Order to bring an accused in custody to court.

Any statement, document, or material presented to prove facts.

Written or printed material submitted in a case.

Digital records like emails, CCTV, or phone data admissible in court.

Statements made by witnesses in court.

A person who directly saw or experienced the crime.

A witness who changes or contradicts their earlier statement in court.

When an accused admits to committing an offence.

A written or recorded version of what a witness or accused says during investigation.

The final decision of a court in a case.

Any direction given by court during proceedings.

In civil law it is final ruling; in criminal law, judgments are used instead.

When a magistrate officially takes notice of a crime to begin trial.

Right of accused to get bail if police fail to file charge-sheet in time.

Bail granted in advance to a person who fears arrest.

A quick trial for minor offences with simplified procedure.

When accused agrees to plead guilty for a lighter punishment.

Settlement between victim and accused in certain minor offences.

The legal process of presenting a criminal case against accused.

A government lawyer who represents the state in criminal cases.

A complaint filed directly before magistrate without going to police.

Pre-trial process where facts are examined before framing charges.

The police process of collecting evidence and finding truth of offence.